Study of on-line marketing of banking and financial services Essay

Study of on-line marketing of banking and financial services - Essay Example This study undertakes an examination of online banking services, in order to assess their provision in different countries, specifically Taiwan, Hong Kong and China. The interactive media, i.e, the websites of different banks are the subject of this study, in order to assess how effective they are in encouraging customers to avail of online banking and financial services. Bank websites are very important marketing tools and how attractively they are designed will impact upon customer usage. The objective in this research study is to see how effective bank websites are as marketing tools to promote online use of banking and financial services. While providing online banking may have initially distinguished some banks and set them apart, providing them with a competitive edge in a global economy, the service is now becoming widespread. More and more people even in developing countries such as China, are gaining access to the Internet, hence the novelty factor of online banking may soon wear out and the quality of the online experience is likely to shape customer perception of service. Therefore, this research study seeks to assess the comparative efficacy of different bank websites as marketing tools.

A Stereotypical Teenager Essay Example for Free

A Stereotypical Teenager Essay Loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good†¦ these are just a few of a wide number of stereotypes that are attributed to American teenagers. What is it about teenagers that make the rest of society seem to turn against them? I believe that there are many misconceptions about teenagers. Many people in different generations sincerely believe that all teenagers are up to no good, and are guaranteed trouble no matter where they are. I am not arguing that teenagers like that don’t exist, because there are plenty of them out there, but it bothers me that one type of teenager has been able to spoil the image of all other teenagers. Personally I think that these stereotypes apply more to me because I am a male. In addition to being a male teenager, I also have noticed that people think negatively of me because I wear a longer hair style than what is typically expected in society. Some people grow long hair to show rebellion, or to be unique, but I wouldn’t classify myself into either of those categories, I simply enjoy having it more than short hair. But because of that, many members of society link certain stereotypes of male teenagers to me because I show long hair. I could be considered many different things including: rebellious, troubled, angry, arrogant, or any other sort of stereotype out there. How could anyone possibly claim to know all of these false accusations simply based on my age, and my gender? At times it can be bothersome when people take certain precautions around teenagers, because they believe that we are all reckless, and dangerous. Parents will cross to the opposite side of the street with their kids, people clear sidewalks when walking, other drivers tense up on the road, and all while this is happening, other people will keep one eye carefully watching, just to make sure that all of the rotten teenagers don’t do anything dangerous. I sometimes think that people see me and other teenagers as giant, shiny explosives that are about to detonate, so everyone else needs to distance themselves as much and as quickly as possible. Just because a teenager happens to be walking around outside, that should in no way trigger a response where people feel that it isn’t safe to be near  teenagers. Although it does bother me, I can also see a point of view where I would do the same thing. If I saw someone outside that looked a little bit off-beat to me, I would most likely go a different path as well. However, that raises the question, why does society take in all of these stereotypes and live all of their lives believing false statements? All of it is ridiculous I believe. Anyone that knows me will be able to explain that I am the exact opposite of a stereotypical teenager, so no one should need to take precautions if they see me out somewhere. A stereotypical teenager would most likely be thought of being connected to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs in some way, shape, or form; I on the other hand do not do any of those things, and am strongly against them. Because I do not consider myself anywhere close to a stereotypical teenager, it does bother me when people mistake me for doing those types of activities. All of these common stereotypes don’t do any good for the people who actually work hard, and try to do something with their lives. For many people, stereotyping does more than just become a bothersome hassle. For a handful of teenagers, the effect of stereotyping makes them feel pressured into behaving like a stereotypical teenager. For example, some people do drugs and alcohol because they are expected to by society’s stereotypes, so someone may think, â€Å"Oh, I am a teenager now, I guess because other people are drinking then I have to as well.† I don’t even see peer pressure as that much of an issue here, people tend to start drinking or doing drugs voluntarily; more often than not, there isn’t peer pressure that is forcing them into doing something. And that creates an entire roundabout of madness. To simplify this; many people start acting like stereotypical teenagers, because they feel that they need to in order to be a â€Å"normal† teenager. But that in turn makes society cast out teenagers, when it is actually those same members of society who created these stereotypes for teenagers to follow. In reality, there are several statistics that illustrate a decline in teenage drug abuse, alcoholism, and teenage pregnancy, yet stereotypes still exist (Poole). Are all teenagers loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good? Obviously not, there is no way that every single teenager in the world  could fit that description. And yet, society still labels every teenager in the world by a description very similar to that. The few teenagers that live a life similar to that have managed to destroy the image of every teenager that happens to be a good kid. It seems that hardworking, determined, and honest teenagers don’t have a place in the world anymore. They are out there, and ready to be noticed, but the rest of society has chosen to view them in the same manner as the bad crowds that exist in the teenage population. Quite strange, that the model teenager that is acceptable in society is not taken seriously. Why does society view superior teenagers that way? It is not only teenagers; it is everybody in the world. No person will ever be right in prejudicing someone, no matter who they are.

Information systems for strategic advantage

Information systems for strategic advantage ABSTRACT Every organization has it strategic ways of managing the information of the company. The strategy used depends on the companys vision and mission. This paper is based on a research on how information systems are used strategically as a source of competitive advantage. The case study is mainly on Emirate Airline as the primary industries being compared to British Airways. The research involves using the porters four generic strategies, SWOT analysis and basic business strategies and formulas based on the research methodology. INTRODUCTION RESEACH METHODOLOGY COMPANIES BACKGROUND Emirate Airline: The airline industry is a subsidiary of the Emirate Group, which was founded in 1959 by Sheikh Ahmed Bin Saeed Al-Maktoum. Emirate Group is a public international owned business operating as a travel and tourism company based in Dubai. In 1985 the Emirate Airline industry was established by the investment Corporation Department of the Dubai Government, covered by an agreement with the Pakistan International Airlines as the management company. Before the establishment of Emirate Airline, Gulf Air was the only airline industry that was providing travel services to the Dubai population. During the period Gulf Air begins to reduce and lower it quality of services to the UAE population, which motivate the government to introduce their own Airline. Today emirate airline is the largest, biggest and fastest growing international airline industry in the Middle East. British Airways: British Airways is a public limited company operating as an international airline industry, based in London, United Kingdom. The company starting as a private airline industry, founded in 1935 operating mainly in Europe called Allied British Airways. The merger between imperial Airways and British Airways LTD formed the single name British Airways Corporation in 1939. Later in 1974 when the authority demands that the British Airways Corporation should merge with British European Airways, the name British Airways was returned. Also in 1987 the collaborative merger with British Caledonian made the company being privatized. British Airways is one of the largest and fast growing airline industry not only in United Kingdom but the world, till only these year. INFORMATION SYSTEM Information System: A piece of information always starts with a data, where a data is only knowledgeable and meaningful when it has been processed and transform into information. Every organization has its unique information and each information has it value to the overall success of the organization, Making it vital and important to manage the information strategically. The data, procedure, hardware, software, or even humans that are used to accumulate, collect or assemble to evaluate and analyzed information, is being referred to as information system. Specifically in terms of organization like emirate airline or British airways they are computer-based systems of hardware and software that the companies employees, clients, and customers used to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute or manage information.[ Paul 2003] An information system is a work system whose business process is devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating, and displaying information, thereby supporting other work system[Steven Alter 2002] Emirates Airline information system: there are several tools, software and hardware used in the Airline industries, and they will be named and briefly discussed. The information systems are used strategically as a source of competitive advantage, how they are use strategically will discuss in dept in the strategy analysis column. Emirates Airlines has a call center, it a centre where customers call and get information regarding the flights, the booking and the offers. The call center provides all the information about the company and employees. The call center also calls customers whenever there is a new product, service or sales as a marketing procedure. The callers information is saved on a database for strategic benefits in the future. The companys website is another information system that is used strategically to manage its customer and client needs. The web-site consists of different databases and content in order to provide its user with information such as the flights details and companys basic details. Emirate Airline also uses the Customer Relationship Manager Information System (CRIS), which is a window-based web-site running as a client/server application. An oracle development tool was used in creating CRIS, requiring a separate development effort to upgrade. These leave the emirate Airline with unconnected application to manage, scale to support increment demand and cut management cost. But still the company doesnt use CRIS as its main customer relationship software instead Mercator software development supplement provide CRIS for sale to other airlines industries. Also requires offering those customers with a scalable solution, with the aim to minimize the cost and time of customizing the solution for e ach deployment. [Article on mercator] Media is another form of information system used by emirate airline as a source of competitive advantage. It is used in from of TV, Radio and billboard to advertise there product such as travel promotions, in order to attract customers. Those advertisements target new customers and help the company to keep old customers. One of the most important tool used by the industry which has play a vital role as a competitive advantage is the skyward program, also known as the frequent flyer program. The skyward is in a form of a credit card looking card which can be applied by any passenger whom has travel over a certain amount of miles with emirate airline. It comes in three different categories of blue, silver and gold, where gold the highest and blue is the lowest. The program was established in May 2000 by the organization so as to improve and tighten their competitive advantage. Skywards operate as a reward obtaining card, where a passenger is given an amount of travel miles depending and according to the distance he or she has travelled. As the miles accumulate and increase with amount of travels, the card is upgraded accordingly. These Miles can then be exchanged for free flights, upgrades and other rewards, also a passenger can transfer his miles to another skyward holding passenger. Using skywards pr ogram is free and customers just have to register online or by calling Emirates Airlines if they wish to become skywards members. It is used by over 5.72 million customers. Skyward is one of our most valuable source of information system tool that we use to attract client [Strategic Manager] Another program is skysurfers. It is a frequent flyer program for young children between the ages of 2-16years. It basically works same as skyward but in this case additional rewards are added to attract children. Exciting Rewards such as books, toys, free trips to Wild Wadi and Atlantis in Dubai or even a free ticket to anywhere in the world. Also children get the opportunity of choosing their travel seat. The information, communication and entertainment (ICE) system is an in-flight entertainment facility that provides passengers with variety of channels to choose from. The system includes movies, video games and music channels. ICE can be accessed in different languages such as English, Spanish, Arabic, Korean, Japanese, French and German. Passengers have the option of pausing, forwarding or rewinding any selected item they are watching. In addition a passenger in business or first class cabin has the privilege of ordering and choosing what they want to watch that is not available in the media list booklet. [journal on ICE] Electronic check in stand is a self check in machine available at the emirate terminal in Dubai airport. Passengers are able to check- in between 2 to 48 hours of their flight departure. Where a passenger get to do the all the processes of checking in his or her luggage by himself, saving the trouble of joining the long queue at the main manual check in counter. Staffs are also available at the Electronic check stand for assistance, for instance if a passenger is having difficulty in printing the boarding pass at the last final process of the procedure. [website link] Emirates airline provides exquisite lounges for first and business class passengers as well as skywards silver and gold member, having about 21 lounges in 18 different cities and are even planning on opening more. In cities and countries where the airline doesnt have a departure lounge, a lounge is provided for first and business class passengers. The lounge has comfortable chairs and television to entertain passengers before their departure. Some lounges have well equipped bathrooms with showers for passengers who want to take a shower after a long day. Food of different variety is also available to choose from. Breakfast, lunch and snacks are served to customer satisfaction. This is available because they have customers from different nationalities speaking different languages, so as to attract customers from every part of the country.[website link] EMIRATE AIRLINE STRATEGY ANALYSIS The strategies, structure and management of those strategies and structure is always a composite and complex process of every organization. Strategy can be defined as the direction, route, possibility or scope of a business over the long-term and short-time goals and vision, which achieves advantage for the organization from the begging to the end of its pattern, design, and management of resources within a challenging and competitive environment, by achieving market scope and to accomplish competitive strategy. [J. Thompson with F. Martin, 2005, p1] For an organization to achieve its goals and vision it need to come up with distinctive and well organized strategies which will include critical and comprehensive study as well as investigations into various areas that will produce information that will be advantageous to the accomplishment of the industry. This is the reason why emirate airline gives consideration in focusing into the overall and general position status of their rivals such as British Airways, also involving in their interior and exterior activities. By knowing their competitors status the organization of the company will be able to analyze the status of the companys approaches, capital, income, strategies and resources in general. Which will able the company to establish how they will be able to manage, and defeats British Airways in competitive advantage in future. This will also give the company the prospect to stature out their potency and how they will maximize their strength and eliminate their weaknesses. In every business there are times and periods of strength, weakness, success and failure. All of these periods apply to both British airways and Emirate airline. The corporate strategy used by emirate airline which involves examining the existing and anticipated factors related with passengers and competitors external situation and the organizations (emirate airline) internal environment itself. Envisioning a successful role for the organization, by creating strategy and aligning policies and resources, such as the use of Media to achieve the airlines goals and vision. Emirate airline is committed with the diversity of their clients; the diversification management approach of the applied by the company enables the firm to guarantee that passengers are given outstanding service provided by zealous and committed staffs and employees, unlike British Airways staff that recently undergo a three day strike against their management. The approach is carried out by adding new product and reso urces to an existing product, an example is the new and improved business class cabin introduce about a month ago by Emirate airline and the mile accelerator services added to the skyward facility. [Paul Finlay, 2000, page 473][] We the Staffs of Emirate Airline are always ready to assist and welcome ideas from passengers, either by Electronic survey or any form of technology that will get us a feedback from our client [strategic Manager] Another competitive strategy used by Emirate Airline is the focus-leadership strategy, which play a vital role in attributing to the success of the company, which is derived from the Generic strategy formula. The organizations business goals is to provide its customers with brilliant, reliable and most of all welcoming services to their esteemed clients, by dedicating to make each journey unforgettable and special. The wellbeing, comfort and convenience are important concerns as they provide value service for their passengers and client through dependable, extremely update technologies and the use of information system. The generic strategy will be illustrated in detail through the Porters Four Generic Business Strategy. The organization expands their industry to attain more customers which enable them to be more advantageous and profitable. Making it possible even with the global economic crisis and the financial status of Dubai, Emirate Airlines are still making profits. While thei r rivals British Airways report a quite amount of loss in the market share price early this year, even though the organization is manage and maintained by a reasonable steady financial country. But both airline industries are strategically introducing new technologies to enhance and achieve both there long and short term goals and vision. So still with the financial crisis of British Airways they still have competitive advantage over Emirate Airline when it comes to handle crisis as they are much older in the aviation industry and have manage crisis in the past. [journal on profit] We are a much longer aviation industry than emirate airline and we have strategies we alone use in managing our crisis which we have implemented in previous crisis in the past. [BA, strategic manager] The Marketing strategy approach of Emirate airline industry I said to be a customer-oriented strategy method. The strategy focus on various different types of customers, by catering the needs of clients individually and uniquely. This is done through the use of technologies such as the skyward customer account and card, where details and specification of the account holder are saved. The industry has been able to apply routes to a variety of destination all over the world. Emirate Airline industrys strategy can be categorized as a powerful strategy and it enables the business to offer entire loyalty and commitment and maintain organizational operations so as achieve full competitive advantage. Through this strategy, Emirates Airlines surpass most of their competitors in the airline industry, and also gaining market share and enhanced the overall demand of their service. Being (Emirate) an international airline industry gives the management an opportunity to expand and develop their industry and services all over the world with no compromise to the importance and value, and level of services they give for their customers in every country. The company has office with customer service help desk and a call centre facility in mostly every constituency they operate to provide for their passengers and customers needs at all time needed. This is carried out through the diversification management strategy mentioned earlier, where by the need and demand of their passenger and client and handled globally. Nevertheless, the threat and fear of the industry upon British Airways is the survival and existence possess by their rival in the past for handle crisis and picking up to provide affordable and quality services just as the Emirate Airlines. Their weak point can also be drawn from their diversified markets. However, with the 24-hour customer service call cent re of the company, an immediate feedback is given to query of their client. The business model of the airline industry has led to their commercial success in the aviation and airline industry. They are able to have a lean workforce that can be compared to low-cost carriers rather than conventional flag-carriers. In addition, the company has also a simple organizational structure which permits the airline to maintain low overhead costs and enables them to pay no income taxes on wages. The organizations strategy model of emirate Airline is what has lead to their business success in the airline industry, giving them a successful business Model. This business model gives them a supportive workforce, making their services low-cost at the same time the successful and most profitable organization. Also the organization has a plain organizational composition which permits the company to sustain small overhead costs and enables them to pay no revenue duty on income and wages.[] Ethical decisions can be made and taken at managerial level in emirate airline industry, which makes the corporation expand capable and successful organizational behavior. The management of emirate airline believes that principles offer the primary basic for deciding whether a specific action or behavior is ethically or morally right or wrong, the organization are able to develop ethical, moral, perspectives, standards and principles. Where as in British Airways only basic ethical aspect are given consideration, for example a BA female cabin crew most not cover her hair while in Emirate she has to cover her hair. The human resources management approach strategy is used by the organization in recruiting and employing the best and required staffs that will suit their passenger and client needs. Generally Emirate airline strategy is a powerful strategy will be very difficult to be beaten. COMPETATITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive advantage is the ability and manner by which companies, industries and organization manages to maintain its long and short term goals, mission, and vision also keep up its position against its rival or competitors. It is the state which enables a company to perform in a more effective and competent manner, leading the organization to act and operate in a higher-quality approach than its competitors. Competitive advantage could be a long-term or short-term condition and can be managed through various competitive strategies, such as: The Porters Four Generic Business Strategies SWOT Analysis PEST Analysis These strategies will be discussed and analyzed separately, using British Airways as a comparison and competitors against Emirate Airlines. SWOT ANALYSIS The tactical procedure implemented to evaluate an organizations strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat is strategically known as SWOT analysis. The analysis method involves enumerating the goal and objective of the organization by determining the internal and external factors that are prosperous and non-amicable to achieving that goals and objective. The analysis can be integrated into the strategic business model of the company. Every organization has it strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, same applies to Emirate Airline. The strength weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the industry will be discussed individually using the SWOT analysis. STRENGTH Emirates Airline grew from successful effectiveness strength resulting from the accurate decisions, planning and the strategy set to its employees by the organization. The determined efforts and excellent services provided by its members of the staff to the passengers and client gave strength to the Airline. The Airline starting the operation with two leased aircrafts from the Pakistan International Airlines, and was able to strengthen its fleet of aircrafts by purchasing long haul aircrafts from the manufacturers of the Boeing Airbus aircrafts. The A380 and B777 were specifically purchased to provide contented and satisfying air travel for its valuable customers. Emirate Airline strength expanded more from when the Airline was selected as the best Airline for the in-flight services for number of years from leading organizations, such as British Airways. The successes and strength of the Emirate Airline leads to an increase in the growth and population the passengers using the Airline, also expands the income, profit and revenue of the organization in whole. On Achieving and winning the award the Airline was mainly recognized globally in the travel industry, where by Inaugurating the Skyward Club memberships for frequent fliers also strengthen the Airline. Its ability to incessantly modify and improve the services in the aviation sectors gave an advantage to the Airline to meet up the targets set by the Management, promoting the industry as the leader in the aviation industry.[paul, 2000] WEAKNESS In every successful strategy there are always weakness, the main weakness of Emirate Airline are Some of the strategies and information system technologies implemented, in order to expand the business approaches have not yet been victorious, which can be considered as weakness. The Airline has been accused for focusing on high-end achievement and diversification, even after knowing such decisions have uncertain and difficult effects on the Airline, making their flight quite unsafe. While British Airways has a History and full safety records established ages ago. OPPORTUNITIES Emirates Airline industry has a wide ranges of opportunities contributing to the competitiveness of the organization. These opportunities are derived from the strategic use of their information system technologies and services, allowing the industry to infiltrate into an untouched new market with no strong competitors like British Airways. The revenue generating profitable income for the organization is from their operating flights to various destination where no un-touched by their rivals, such as available flights from Middle East to India, South East Asia to Africa. Also being able to travel around the prospect to manage code sharing destinations where there are no local flag carriers. THREATS The external environment of the organization is said to be the main source of threat facing the industry. Nevertheless an internal environment issues such as the recent budget formed by the company contribute as a threat to the organization in whole. The fair of the budget increase from the logistic and cost of information system, being introduced and implement so as to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. Examples of these systems are cost management of strategies and technologies like the customer relation manager information system (CRIS). Strong competitive rivals from the European countries like BA leads to an amount of threat jeopardy for the industry in general. The global economic down fall of the Dubai Financial status lead to industry suffering from travel setbacks, making the fairs of Emirate Airline increase from their normal price. The airlines inability to keep up with the innovations or recognized its demand creates a threat for the airline and reduces the load of the passengers. All this is because the political and economical environment in the countries where the airlines operates could potentially affect the business negatively. Where by compliances could be use by their competitors to their advantage and take the industry by surprise and by the time they realize it will be too late that they are not the leaders of the airline industry anymore.

Pediatrics: Cranial Nerve Examination Essay -- Pediatric Examination

Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI) cranial nerves Although each of these nerves control separate extraocular muscles, they are normally examined together due to their close functional interrelationships. †¢ Look Similar to other cranial nerve examination, start with inspection of the eyes. Look at - The position of the head position: If diplopia is present, the head turned or tilted to minimize double vision. - Inspect for ptosis and eye position. - Ask the child to look at an object about five feet away. Examine the pupils for size, shape, and symmetry. Oculomotor nerve palsy causes mydriasis. Sympathetic palsy leads to miosis. Ciliary ganglion malfunction within the orbit produces Adie’s pupil with middilated pupils and poor responds to convergence. †¢ Ocular alignment The eyes are normally parallel in all positions of gaze except convergence. Squints can be either paralytic (paresis of one of the extraocular muscles) or non-paralytic (defective binocular vision). Congenital paralytic squints result in abnormal head postures, while the acquired ones cause diplopia. Non-paralytic (concomitant) squints are not associated with diplopia. - Looking at light: Sit in front of the child about 1 metre away. Shine a light source and ask the child to look at the light. Observe the position of the light reflexes on the cornea. Normally, the light reflex is symmetrical and slightly nasal to the centre of each pupil. - Cover test is a good test of eye alignment and is helpful to determine the presence of both manifest and latent strabismus o Unilateral cover test: Ask the child to concentrate on an object that is ten feet away as if â€Å"their eyes are glued to the object†. For testing of the right eye, cover the child... ...mpare the nasolabial grooves, which are smooth on the weak side) - Bell's phenomenon: Ask the child close the eyes. In lower motor neuron VII nerve palsy, the upward movement of the eyeball is seen due to incomplete closure of the eyelid. †¢ Taste Sensation - Examine for taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, only in those with facial palsy. - Ask the child to protrude the tongue and not to speak during the test. - Apply a small sample of sugar, vinegar, salt and quinine solutions (sweet, sour, saline and bitter) with cotton buds to one side of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue one at a time. - Ask the child to point to the taste on a pre-prepared card to point out the response. - Rinse the mouth with water between each specimen. - Between each test ask the patient to rinse his mouth with water. - Repeat test on the other side of the tongue

Pronature and Pro Nurture

I think the flaw lies behind assuming that any one particular behavior is solely responsible or due to genetics. Genetics do play huge role in affecting one directly such as their responses to an issue or situation that may occur. Aggressiveness, patience, empathy or sympathy. I believe that everyone carries these genes to some degree or another and yes, that many of these behaviors can be genetically responsible. I believe that genetics such as how one's health or wellbeing such as developing breast cancer because it is a hereditary disease that is in your genetic code.As far as behaviors you cannot distinguish In my opinion are you an alcoholic because one of your uncles or relatives were or was t because you like to consume alcohol or because you picked up a bad habit from exposure all your life. I feel that many times when dealing with behaviors of others or even within yourself that they are related to how you were raised. Were you raised with values and morals? Did you live In a household where your parents expressed love, compassion, trust, and respect for others?Or were you exposed to drugs, alcohol, aggressive behaviors, exposure to toxic environments, abuse verbal, mental, physical and or sexual? If the answer Is no that your upbringing was a loving environment then It's possible that the behaviors stem from the exposure of peers. Considering everyone Is raised differently and we all carry separate genes It Is important to separate what may be genetics from what Is learned behaviors.Both genetics and learned behaviors can affect our overall behaviors In which cannot be confirmed one way or the other and cannot be controlled unless It Is taught or learned from experience, circumstances or consequences to one's Individual behaviors and how they felt about them. Either way recognizing the complexity of or-nature and pro-nurture they both are an Important role In human development. Pro-nature and pro-nurture Is what defines our personalities which create the difference within each and every one of us.Premature and Pro Nurture By puppeteers behaviors can be genetically responsible. I believe that genetics such as how one's disease that is in your genetic code. As far as behaviors you cannot distinguish in raised with values and morals? Did you live in a household where your parents mental, physical and or sexual? If the answer is no that your upbringing was a loving environment then it's possible that the behaviors stem from the exposure of peers.Considering everyone is raised differently and we all carry separate genes it is important to separate what may be genetics from what is learned behaviors. Both genetics and learned behaviors can affect our overall behaviors in which cannot be confirmed one way or the other and cannot be controlled unless it is taught or learned from experience, circumstances or consequences to one's individual pro-nature and pro-nurture they both are an important role in human development. Pro-nature and pr o-nurture is what defines our personalities which create the

Love: The Universal Constant

Some say that the idea of love in modern terms differs conceptually from that of earlier periods. That argument is demonstrably false. Although love has been characterized In many different ways throughout the ages, the fundamental Idea remains constant. No matter the eccentric personalities love Is entitled to, love Is what It Is. From a literary point of view, whether one reads the tender longing of Shop, the unattainable desire of Patriarch, or the whimsical prose of Dickinson, the message of love– despite its myriad of forms–remains the same.The concept of love particular to the piece of writing is equally a study of psychology, sociology and anthropology as it is a literary endeavor. As readers of literature, we do not learn anything intrinsically controversial about love across eras, but rather translate the timeless message of the many facets of love into literature and interpret its significance. The idea (or theme) of love does not change from text to text rega rdless of era, but rather has new traits tacked on as time progresses.In her poem Rich-dethroned Immortal Aphrodite, Shop describes an insatiable desire or a woman, the pain of her refusal, and the dejected plea for release from the obsessive pursuit. Love struck, Shop begs Aphrodite to make the woman hers. Shop can only imagine the unbearable pain and sickness of a crushed heart if otherwise. In another poem, He looks to me to be in heaven, Shop overwhelms readers with feelings that resemble butterflies in the stomach.The narrator of the poem has fallen in love with someone who â€Å"makes the heart leap in my breast;' for watching you a moment, speech fails me,† My tongue is paralyzed, at once a light fire nuns beneath my skin, [my eyes are blinded, and my ears drumming. † The concept of obsessive love Is again Illustrated Is James Jockey's poem Arab. The mall character seeks to profess his love to a young girl whom he has clearly fallen head over heels for. The loves ick lad claims that â€Å"a flood from my heart seemed to pour itself out into mossy. ,' I thought little of the future. I did not know whether I would ever speak to her or not org if I spoke to her, how I could tell her of my confused adoration. ‘ But my body was like a harp/ and her words and gestures were eke fingers running upon the wires. † Similar to obsessive love, literature about love that is lost is just as timeless. The melancholy that pervades the text is palpable in Counted Culler's The Loss of Love. For example, the final lines: â€Å"l have no will to weep or sing,' No desire to pray or curse;' The loss of love Is a terrible thing,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ They Ill who say that death Is worse. Simultaneously, In Patriarch's Canceller, Patriarch mourns the loss of his Laura. The unmistakable and undeniable sensation of loss and hopelessness is evident in both laddered, uncensored my life/ is totally, that night and day it weeps J weary without a helm in stormy seas/ on a dubious course with no true guide. † Then, there was Shakespearean Sonnet 57 that conveyed the realization that a fool in love is no more than a willing slave. The willing unwillingness of the speaker's love makes one marvel at the truth of its depiction and at the tortured psychology which forces loved into the anguish of such impossible situations. Being your slave, what should I do but tend. ‘ Upon the hours and times of your desire? I have no precious time to spend,] Nor services to do, till you require. /†¦. But, like a sad slave, stay and think enough/ Save, where you are how happy you make those. ‘ So true a fool is love that in you will,] Though you do any thing, he thinks no ill. Almost half a millennium later, Emily Dickinson poem To lose thee moves readers with the same flooding emotions of a helpless lover. â€Å"To lose thee, sweeter than to gain/ All other hearts I knew. ‘ is true the drought is destitute/ But then I had the dew!The Caspian has its realms of sand,] Its other realm of sea;' Without the sterile perquisite/ No Caspian could be. So we see, love is an ageless universal constant. The powerful emotions invoked by love obviously reveal no discernible difference in the impact it has had, regardless of when the work was composed. Because there is a certain knowledge that love is enduring through the centuries with all its accompanying emotions and crossing of philosophical and religious boundaries, there is nothing really to be â€Å"conjured† about love, but only added factors that are â€Å"discovered. â€Å"

What Is a Dual Degree Program Should You Do One

What Is a Dual Degree Program Should You Do One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve probably heard of a double major, but have you heard of a dual degree? In a dual degree program, you’ll study two academic fields at once, earn you two separate degrees. Below, we explain what a dual degree is and show you several examples of the different types of dual degree programs available. We also go over the pros and cons of getting a dual degree, and give you tips to help you decide whether a dual degree is right for you. Feature Image: COD Newsroom/Flickr What Is a Dual Degree? Overview A dual degree, or double degree, is when you study two, usually very different, fields at the same time and receive two separate degrees (one per discipline). For example, if you studied psychology and business in a dual degree program, you’d graduate with two degrees (that is, two diplomas): a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology and a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA). Dual degrees typically confertwo different types of degrees, such as a BA/BS combo, a BS/BFA, a BS/BBA, etc. (Some dual degree programs will award you an undergraduate bachelor’s degree and a graduate degree- we’ll talk more about these types of programs in a moment.) In addition, the two fields of study in a dual degree program are usually housed in two different schools at the university. As a result, those wanting to pursue a dual degree typically must apply and get admitted to both schools individually. The deadline by when you must apply for admission will vary depending on the university. Dual degrees require more credits than single degrees. The total number of credits you’ll need will depend on the university you attend and whether it uses the semester or quarter system. But generally speaking, you’ll need anywhere from 140 to 225 credits to graduate. Finally, because you’re working on two degrees simultaneously and need more credits than you would for a single degree, you’ll very likely need to spend more time in college, often five to six years. This also means you’ll be spending more money on your college education since you’ll have to pay for additional courses/credits, books, housing, etc. How Does a Dual Degree Differ From a Double Major? You might be wondering how a dual degree differs from a double major. After all, both academic options allow you to study two fields at once, right? While that’s true, the two paths are actually quite different from each other. In a dual degree program, you're studying two (likely different) fields in order to earn two separate degrees. These are usually different types of degrees, too, such as a BA and a BS. However, with a double major, you're studying two related fields to earna single degree. This also means that you're receiving just one type of degree, such as a BA, BS, BFA, etc. Essentially,a double major is when you’re studying two fields in one degree program, and a dual degree is when you’re studying two fields in two separate degree programs. This is the biggest difference between a dual degree and a double major- but there are many more ways to distinguish the two options. For example, with double majors, a student's two majors are often housed in the same school or college and will grant you the same type of degree, such as a BS or BFA. In addition, a double major doesn’t typically require extra coursework (or at least not as much as a dual degree program does!) and can normally be completed within four years. You can read more about the similarities and differences between double majors and dual degrees in our in-depth dual degree vs double major guide. You'll get two of these when you graduate from a dual degree program. What Kinds of Dual Degree Programs Are There? Because there’s such a big array of majors and fields you can combine for a dual degree, it can be difficult to determine how many types of dual degree programs there actually are. The easiest way to categorize them is to look at them by the types of degrees they confer. We can therefore say that there are three main types of dual degree programs: Programs that confer two bachelor’s degrees Programs that confer a bachelor’s degree and a master's degree Programs that confer two graduate/professional degrees We look at each of these in more detail below. #1: Programs That Confer Two Bachelor’s Degrees This type of dual degree program, which awards two bachelor’s degrees, is fairly common and available at many universities in the US. With this program, you could earn any combination of bachelor’s degrees. Here are some of the most common bachelor's degrees conferred in undergraduate dual degree programs: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Bachelor of Science (BS) Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) Bachelor of Music (BM) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS) As stated previously, the two bachelor’s degrees you choose to get in your dual degree program will most likely be based in different schools, so you’ll typically need to apply and be admitted to both schools in order to do the program. Not every university offers dual degree programs, so check with your university before you decide you want to do a dual degree. In addition, the options for dual degrees will vary depending on the university, so be sure that the specific combo of degrees you want is available at your school. The period during which you may apply for a dual degree program will vary depending on the university. Some schools allow you to apply for a dual degree before you even start college, whereas others will only let you apply after you’ve been in college for at least a year or two. The following chart lists some examples of popular universities offering dual degree programs that confer two bachelor's degrees: University Bachelor’s Degree Combos Offered Notes Boston University BA/BS, BA/BFA, BA/BM, BS/BFA, BS/BM Credit requirements vary. Open to specific major combos only. Brown University BA/BS Minimum 38 credits and 10 semesters (five years). Cornell University BA/BS in Engineering, BA/BFA in Art, BA/BS in Urban and Regional Studies Minimum 150 credits. Open to specific major combos only. Northwestern University BA/BS, BA/BM For BA/BS program, minimum 12 quarters and 42 credits. For BA/BM program, minimum 60 courses. Stanford University BA/BS Minimum 225 credits. University of Alabama BA/BS Minimum 30 additional credit hours. University of Denver BA/BS, BA/BFA, BS/BFA, BA/BM, BS/BM, BFA/BM, etc. Minimum 228 quarter hours. Many combinations of bachelor’s degrees possible. University of Maryland, Baltimore County BA/BA, BS/BS, BA/BS Minimum 150 credits. Note that combinations of same degree types are possible. University of Michigan BA/BS, BA/BFA, BA/BMA*, BA/BTA**, etc. Credit requirements vary. May choose an established program or create own. University of Notre Dame BA/BS Generally requires 45 additional credit hours. Five-year program. *BMA = Bachelor of Musical Arts **BTA = Bachelor of Theatre Arts Getting a master's degree = getting to wear a cool, colorful hood. (Illinois Springfield/Flickr) #2: Programs That Confer a Bachelor’s and a Master’s Degree The second type of dual degree program rewards you with a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree, usually within five to six years. This program differs from the one described above in that you get to do graduate-level coursework while taking undergraduate classes. Upon graduation, you’ll receive both a bachelor’s degree anda master's degree. (With some dual degree programs, you’ll get your undergraduate degree first and then your graduate degree a year or so later.) These dual bachelor's/master's programs are popular because they can save you both time and money when it comes to a graduate-level education. Instead of having to finish your bachelor’s degree and then apply for a master’s, you can work on both degrees at the same time. This usually means you can have some classes count toward bothdegrees. Here are some of the most common types of bachelor’s and master’s degrees combined in dual degree programs: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Bachelor of Science (BS) Master of Arts (MA) Master of Science (MS) Master of Engineering (ME) Master of Public Policy (MPP) Master of Public Administration (MPA) Master of Business Administration (MBA) The chart below shows some examples of popular bachelor’s/master’s dual degree programs: University Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree Combos Offered Notes American University Varies Must have earned at least 75 credits in order to apply. Boston University BA/MA, BA/MS 144-160 credits required (varies depending on program). The George Washington University Varies Offers both joint programs (in which you earn both degrees at the same time) and dual programs (in which you earn your degrees at different times). Harvard University Liberal arts degrees (BA, BS, MA, MS, etc.) Limited to those with "at least five years of full-time, paid, professional work experience." Johns Hopkins University BS/MS in Engineering All students enrolled are awarded a half-tuition Dean’s Master’s Fellowship. New York University BA/MPA, BA/MUP*, BS/MUP Must be majoring in public administration or urban planning. Northwestern University Varies "Limited to certain degree programs within the University." Must submit a combined degree application to admitting program. Rochester Institute of Technology BS/MS, BS/ME, MBA Students may propose own dual degree program. University of Chicago BA/MA, BA/MAT**, BA/MPP, BA/MS, BS/MS Four- and five- year programs available. Credit requirements vary depending on program. University of Georgia BS/MS, Engineering/MBA, BBA/MAcc*** Limited to specific fields of study. *MUP = Master of Urban Planning **MAT = Master of Arts in Teaching ***MAcc = Master of Accountancy #3: Programs That Confer Two Graduate/Professional Degrees The third and final type of dual degree program is one that confers only graduate degrees. These can be a combination of two different master’s degrees or a master’s and a professional or doctoral degree. For example, several law schools offer dual degree programs so that students can earn a master’s or doctoral degree (usually in a field in which they want to practice law) along with their Juris Doctor (JD). While many universities offer formal dual degree graduate programs that dictate which programs/fields you can earn your two graduate degrees in, others allow students to create their own graduate-level dual degree programs. Here are some common graduate and professional degrees that can be combined in dual degree programs: Master of Arts (MA) Master of Science (MS) Master of Public Policy (MPP) Master of Public Health (MPH) Master of Business Administration (MBA) Master of Science in Engineering (MSE) Master of Social Work (MSW) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Juris Doctor (JD) Doctor of Medicine (MD) Some of the most common degree combinations include MA/PhD, MS/PhD, MA/JD, MBA/JD, JD/PhD, and MPH/MD.Below are some examples of popular graduate-level dual degree programs: University Graduate Degree Combos Offered Notes Georgetown University Master’s/Master’s, MBA/Master’s, Master’s/JD, PhD/JD, Master’s/PhD, Master’s/MD, PhD/MD Limited to specific fields of study. Rutgers University Several combinations with JD, including MD, MA, MBA, MPH, PhD, MSW, etc. "A law student may create a dual-degree with another graduate degree offered by Rutgers or another institution." Stanford University JD/MBA, MA/MBA, MPP/MBA, MS/MBA, MD/MBA Credit requirements vary depending on program. Suffolk University MBA/JD, LLM*/JD, MPA/JD, MS/JD Limited to specific fields of study. Credit requirements and length of program vary. University of Arizona MAcc/MBA, MS/MS, MS/MBA, MS/JD, MA/JD, PhD/PhD, PhD/MD, PhD/JD, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. "Students cannot invent their own dual degrees." University of Cincinnati MBA/MS, MBA/MA, MBA/MSN**, JD/MA, JD/MBA, JD/PhD, etc. "The applicant must be accepted by both programs." University of Colorado Boulder MA/MBA, MS/MBA, MA/MA, MBA/JD, JD/PhD, JD/MD, MS/JD, JD/MPA, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. Credit requirements vary depending on program. University of Illinois Varies; includes combos with MA, MS, MArch, MBA, MPH, MSW, JD, PhD, MD, etc. "A student who wishes to enter a joint degree program must be admitted separately to each program as a joint degree candidate." University of Michigan Varies; includes combos with MA, MS, MPH, MPP, MUP, MBA, JD, PhD, MD, etc. Students may propose own dual degree program. University of Texas at Austin Master’s and professional degrees only; includes combos with MA, MS, MBA, MSE, JD, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. *LLM = Master of Laws **MSN = Master of Science in Nursing Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. The Pros and Cons of Dual Degree Programs Now that we’ve shown you what types of dual degree programs there are, let’s take a look at the biggest pros and cons of doing a dual degree program. Advantages of Getting a Dual Degree You’ll broaden your knowledge and skill sets. Perhaps the biggest benefit of a dual degree program is that you get to learn more and become an expert in more than one field of study. This can help you feel more fulfilled since you’ll be able to study both fields you’re interested in. You’ll have more choices in terms of potential career paths.Studying two fields equally means you’ll acquire lots of experience with and knowledge of them both. As a result, you'll have a higher number of relevant job options available to you after graduation. You’ll save money on a graduate degree. If you’re doing a combined bachelor’s/master's or graduate/graduate dual degree program, you’ll actually be saving money on what you would have spent had you pursued each degree separately. This is because most dual degree programs allow (and encourage) overlapping classes- i.e., classes that count toward both of your degrees. Disadvantages of Getting a Dual Degree You’re spending more time in school without stopping. For some people, this factor alone can be a deal-breaker. With a dual degree program, regardless of the types of degrees you’re pursuing, you’ll be spending more time in school without the chance to take a break and fit in some work experience. You’re spending more money at once. Even though you’ll likely be saving money in the long run by getting a dual degree, you still have to spend a lot of money upfront for things such as credits, tuition, and housing. It might not increase your earning potential. While a dual degree can broaden your career prospects, it doesn’t necessarily guarantee you'll earn a higher income than if you’d opted for a single degree. However, this depends a lot on what fields you’re studying and what degrees you’re getting (for example, there’s a big difference between getting two BAs and getting a JD and a PhD!). An equation we can all relate to. Is a Dual Degree Right for You? 4 Key Questions to Consider When it comes down to it, is a dual degree the best option for you? Here are four critical questions to ask yourself to help you figure out whether or not you should pursue a dual degree. #1: Are You Equally Interested in Two (Different) Fields of Study? If you’re not equally passionate about both fields you plan to study, a dual degree might not be the best choice for you. Remember that with a dual degree, you’re studying your two chosen fields equally- after all, you’re earning a degree in each! If you’re more interested in one field than you are in the other you want to study, consider making the latter a secondary field of study. You could do this by declaring it as a minor instead of a major if you're an undergrad, or by taking or auditing some classes in it if you’re a (prospective) graduate student. #2: Are You OK With Staying in School Longer? A dual degree program means you’ll typically be staying in college or grad school at least an extra year or two depending on the program you're doing and the degree types you’re getting. Therefore, it’s important for you to determine whether you’d rather spend this time doing more school or going out into the world and doing other activities such as working or traveling. Remember that even if you decide to forego a graduate dual degree program for now, you can always enter a grad program in the future at a later date! #3: Will Money Be an Issue? If money might pose a problem for you, a dual degree might not be a good idea since it'll require a lot of money outright (even though it technically saves you money in the long run, especially if you’re earning a bachelor’s degree and a master's degree or two graduate degrees). #4: Do You Have a Clear Plan for Your Future? Dual degree programs are solid options for those who have a clear plan for their future career and occupational desires. For example, if you want to be a lawyer who specializes in Chinese law, a dual degree program that earns you a JD and an MA in Chinese Studies would be an ideal combo that perfectly suits your professional aspirations. On the other hand, if you’re not entirely sure what you want to do with a dual degree or what kind of career you want to have after graduation, it might not be worth devoting several years and a lot of money to such a program. Recall thata dual degree does not ensure a higher salary, so it’s important that you’re willing to weigh these risks before deciding to enroll in a dual degree program. Recap: What Is a Dual Degree and Should You Get One? Dual degree programs are academic programs that confer two degrees at the same time. This can be a combination of two bachelor’s degrees, a bachelor’s and a master’s degree, or two graduate/professional degrees. Since you’re studying two (different) fields and earning two separate degrees, you’ll need to stay in school longer- usually an extra one to two years for an undergraduate dual degree program. Dual degrees have both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, a dual degree lets you broaden your knowledge of two fields you’re equally passionate about, saves you money on grad school, and expands your career options. That being said, you will have to spend more time in school without a break and pay more money upfront for your education. A dual degree also won't necessarily increase your income potential. Ultimately, whether a dual degree is right for you depends on four main factors: Whether you’re equally interested in two (different) fields of study Whether you’re OK with staying in school for a longer period of time Whether money will pose a challenge for you Whether you have a clear plan for your future After reading this article, you should now have a much better idea of what a dual degree actually is and how it can benefit you. What’s Next? While you can get a dual degree that includes a Master of Arts in Teaching, is it necessary? Find out if you need a teaching degree in this article. A dual degree isn't the same as a double major. But just how are they different? Check out our extensive guide to dual degrees vs double majors to learn more about how the two options are different- and alike. Got questions about double majors instead? Then take a look at our expert guides on what a double major is and how you can get started on declaring one. Not sure what you want to major in? Don't worry! With our advice, you'll figure out what you should study as an undergrad in no time at all. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Employee Rights Essays

Employee Rights Essays Employee Rights Essay Employee Rights Essay Abstract The issue of employers’ and employees’ rights has always brought controversy in most companies. Some rights are expressly known like the right of employees to get paid after working for the agreed period of time among others. However, there are those things done by the employers that most employees feel are too private. Employees feel that some things done by the employers are an intrusion to their privacy. This paper will discuss issues on whether the employer has a right to review the employees’ email. It will look at both the employers and the employees’ perspective and what the law says about the issue. Introduction Employees and employers have reciprocated obligations towards each other. These duties are usually expressed before or when they are signing the employment contract. It is always vital for both the employers and the employees to know their obligations and rights so that they can avoid breaching the contract and other collisions. The law on employment covers all the obligations and rights related to the relationship between employees and employers (Weckert, 2005). These apply to the job applicants, former and current employers or employees. Since the employment relationships are very complex, the laws of employment cover legal issues like workplace safety, taxation, wages, wrongful termination and various ways of discrimination. Most of the stated issues are dealt with by the application of State and federal laws. If the employment relationship has its base on a contract between the employee and the employer, the duties and the rights of the parties are dictated by the state contact law (Repa, 2007). Employees and employers rights Both the employers and the employees have rights at the workplace. Employees’ rights include the right to have freedom against discrimination which includes discrimination based on religion, national origin, race, gender, color and age, fair compensation, right to privacy which applies to the personal possessions of the employee which include briefcases, storage lockers that should only be accessed by the employees and private mails that have been addressed to the employee. When it comes to the issue of e-mails, the employees’ rights are restricted especially if the computer system that he employees are using belong to the employer (Wolkinson Block, 1996). On the other hand, the employers have the following rights and obligations; not to discriminate the employees on any ground, keep records containing the information about employees, pay all employees the rightful wage and write statements on them, keep time and wages records on employees, provision of healthy and saf e working place and meet all the minimum employment conditions among others (Jennings, 2005). Views on employers to access employees’ emails Some people propose that the employer should access the employees’ emails. They give reasons like; it prevents the employees from abusing the computer systems that they have been allowed to use by the employers. At times, the employees take advantage of the computer systems that they have been given by their employers to do their own things that might interfere with the duties of the employee. Such should be monitored through the employers accessing the employees’ electronic communication for the welfare of the company (Marsh, 2009). The proponents of the issue feel that personal emailing hinders employee productivity. Research has been done to support this view. Some employees spend much time on the internet doing their personal stuff at the expense of their jobs. The companies that do not have work targets and the government offices where laxity is a common thing are likely to suffer from this. When the employees spend workplace time to do their own things, the job does not get done (Wolkinson Block, 1996). This creates inconveniences to the people who are waiting to be served in such offices. This kind of inefficiency makes companies lose clients to the companies that meet their needs. In this case, employees’ activities should be monitored to ensure that they do the right things at the right time (Repa, 2007). The law supports the claim that employees have a right to access employees’ emails, although most employees are of the opinion that their employers should not access their emails. The courts have not found any reasonable expectation for the employees to have privacy in the same and therefore, they have always granted permission to the employers to keep an eye on the employees’ activities as well as reviewing it. In a case of Smith v. Pillsbury Co. the plaintiff had sued the employer on the ground that he had wrongfully discharged him after the employer intercepted an email message he considered inappropriate (Jennings, 2005). Smith being an at-will kind of employee, his suit centered on whether by being discharged, it went against Pennsylvania’s public policy thereby falling into the exemption under the general rule which indicate that employees who are employed on the at-will basis can have their employment terminated any time. The defendant was given motion from dismissal of the case since it failed to state a claim. The employer was therefore found not guilty of either invading the employees’ privacy or violating public policy when he terminated smith (Wolkinson Block, 1996). The employer had created email communication system but had told the employees that it was privileged and confidential. The employer also informed the workforce that their emails would not be intercepted (Steinberger, 2009). When smith communicated with his supervisor via emails a message was intercepted that contained death threats on the sale personnel. The employer immediately terminated the plaintiff. Though Smith claimed that the employer had violated their rights by viewing their email messages, the court ruled against him (Jennings, 2005). The proponents feel that through interception of email communication among the employees, acts that could harm the company are prevented. They therefore strongly support the issue. It is proposed that the company’s and the employees’ safety is more important than the employees privacy as far as personal emailing in the workplace is concerned (Repa, 2007). An employer should access the employee’s electronic communication as a way of decreasing his liability for workforce abuse of the technology provided by the company. There are various ways through which an employee may misuse the company’s technology. Firstly, the employee might distribute text messages or emails that are violent, pornographic, discriminatory, sexually harassing or the ones that generally cause a work environment that is hostile. An employee might as well practice illegal activities like illegal down loading of films and music and illegal gambling. These activities may make the employer to be held liable for infringing copyright laws. If on the other hand the employer had intercepted such practices, his liability would have reduced (Wolkinson Block, 1996). There are however people who feel that when the employers check the employees’ mails, they are intruding to their privacy. According to studies done on employer-employees’ views on the use of emails and internet during the working hours, 87% of the employees felt that it is okay to spend some few minutes of the working hours on the internet. Among them, 55% felt that is appropriate for an employee to spend about 20 or so minutes to deal with personal communication via e-mail on a daily basis. 84% of the participants of the survey admitted to spend sometime sending e-mails that are not related to work everyday. 34% disclosed that they send 5-10 e-mail messages daily (Repa, 2007). The study also showed that 57% of the employees felt that their employers were not monitoring their internet use while 20% admitted have been caught at least once by the employer surfing during the working hours (Jennings, 2005). This issue on the employer having no right to access the employees e-mail can be supported by the Strangent v. Loving cars Agency case in New Jersey. The appellate division of the Supreme Court of New Jersey used this case to clarify the ways in which employers should make clarity on policies to make sure that the workforces fully understand that the employers have some right to gain access to the employee emails if the employee is using the company’s technology. Even if the employees have a right to their privacy, as far as emails are concerned, these rights are limited (Wolkinson Block, 1996). The case was ruled out that the previous employer did not have the right to plaintiff’s e-mails because the company policy on the same had just indicated that the employer has a right to disclose, access, intercept, audit and review all affairs on the media systems of the company but it had not stated the scope of the policy (Gordon, Savage Mazer, 2009). In this case, the plaintiff communicated with her attorney about a sexual harassment case using the employer’s laptop but the employer had access to the emails. After thoroughly examination of the policies regarding employers’ electronic communication, the court realized that the policy was ambiguously defined as it makes the employee feel that the allowance on personal use of electronic communication should not be checked by the employer (Gordon, Savage Mazer, 2009). This case gives guidelines that the employees should understand that even if they use passwords on the emails, their employers still reserves the rights to access their emails. However, the employer was not supposed to intercept the messages sent between the plaintiff and her attorney as this is viewed to be an attorney-client communication which was confidential. The employer’s action was therefore not justified and the court declared that at times, employers can’t depend on the policy on electronic resources in order to validate reviewing workforce’s personal email content which is stored on the boss’s electronic resources. In New Jersey, this decision is binding and it has contributed to change of policy regarding the same in most companies there (Repa, 2007). Federal law is against any unauthorized access, retrieval and interception of electronic or wire communication. This includes the stored communication, the like of emails. The people who violate these face a variety of criminal and civil penalties. However, when one downloads such communication into the computers of the company, they may be controlled by the employer (Gordon, Savage Mazer, 2009). On the other hand, most employers feel that it is appropriate for the employees to spend between 15 and 30 minutes daily to send personal e-mails. They said that it helps the employees to regain concentration in their work. As one works from morning, the concentration first goes up but as time goes by, it starts declining. This is when most employees are tempted to do things that are not work related. Some employees have admitted that after surfing for about 15 minutes or so, they become recharged to continue with their work (Wolkinson Block, 1996). However, they say that there is a high temptation to continue surfing for hours on end since there are more interesting things on the internet than on the job. If disciplined, an employee’s productivity can be increased through taking short breaks whether it’s through surfing or not (Steingold, 2009). In conclusion, companies must take a further step to put and enforce policies on electronic communication in order to end this controversy. Such policies should be written clearly so as to avoid ambiguity. This should apply to all the company systems whether they are used at work, during business trips or at the premises of the employees. It should include an express waiver by workforce to the right to privacy in information that is in the computer of the company. The policy should as well have a detached language that gets rid of any expectations that communication on the computers of the company is private. Employers should also play it safe by restricting their access to the employees’ computers to business activities not unless there is sensible suspicion of misconduct by the workforce (Wolkinson Block, 1996). The policy should further indicate that all the computers are company property and should therefore be treated as so. The companies that allow minimum use of the computer for personal purposes should clearly state to the employees that such use should adhere to the company policies, lack confidentiality, ownership, inspection and access. To ensure that this is followed, employers should reserve the right to retain all the employees’ passwords (Repa, 2007). Reference: Repa, B. K, (2007). Your Rights in the Workplace, Edition 8. ISBN 1413306438: Nolo. Wolkinson, B. W. , Block, R. N. , (1996). Employment law: the workplace rights of employees and employers. ISBN 1557868328: Wiley-Blackwell. Gordon, P. L. , Savage, E. A. Mazer, P. H. , (2009). Employer’s Electronic Communications Policy Did Not Allow Company to Review Employee’s E-mail Exchange with Her Attorney: Retrieved on 13th November, 2009 from http://209. 85. 229. 132/search? q=cache:foGTl79U5acJ:www. littler. om/PressPublications/Documents/2009_07_ASAP_Employer_ElectricCommunicationsPolicy_EmployeeE mailExchangeAttorney. pdf+Should+employers+have+the+right+to+review+employees+email%3Fcd=3hl=enct=clnkgl=keclient=firefox-a Jennings, M. M. , (2005), Business: its legal, ethical, and global environment, Edition 7. ISBN 0324204884: Cengage Learn ing, Weckert, J. (2005). Electronic monitoring in the workplace: controversies and solutions. ISBN 1591404568: Idea Group Inc (IGI). Marsh, M. C. , (2009). Employers Employee E-mail and Text Messages Are Private, Absent an Employee Policy to the Contrary: Retrieved on 13th November, 2009 from ourlegalcorner. com/articles. asp? id=70cat=empttl=Employee+E-mail+and+Text+Message+Policies. Steingold, F. S. , (2009). The Employers Legal Handbook, Edition 9. ISBN 1413310230: Nolo. Steinberger, Jeffrey (2009), Your Right to Employee: Retrieved on 13th November, 2009 from E-Mailhttp://209. 85. 229. 132/search? q=cache:5-6aZCe_2ZwJ:smallbusiness. yahoo. com/r-article-a-112541-m-5-sc-51-your_right_to_employee_emaili+Should+employers+have+the+right+to+review+employees+email%3Fcd=4hl=enct=clnkgl=keclient=firefox-a

A Brief Note On Man Made Water Crisis

Water Conservation and Pollution In the world today, water scarcity persists in being an unnerving issue. The world’s supply of water is diminishing and is further narrowed by pollution. Without measures taken to conserve our water, there will be a global and chronic drought. As long as water is scarce, it is imperative to develop proposals concerning water conservation and pollution. Although water is one of the most abundant resources on the planet, we are not able to utilize the majority of it†¦ excessive amount of water. I am guilty of taking this resource for granted by taking long showers, not using a stopper while washing dishes, thus leaving the hot water running for far too long, and washing less than a full load of clothing on multiple occasions. Rather than wasting all of the water that I use in the shower and while cleaning dishes in the sink, I could have been reusing it as greywater. Greywater is household wastewater that can be reused to clean household items or water the lawn and garden†¦ International Incidents You Outlined Previously Various main thrusts added to the foundation of various arrangements and settlements for instance: 1. Division of Capitalist and Communist Bloc that brought about Cold War under the political choice made by the President Truman 2. The North Atlantic Treaty that brought about foundation of NATO 3. Southeast Asia Treaty and the Chinese and Korean Wars 4. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the US and the USSR 5. Begin I arms control settlement†¦ 1. Most of the total water withdrawals in France are used by the Industry: 24. 48 billion m3 followed by municipal water use of 5.49 billion m3 and agricultural water use 3.143 billion m3. In percentages industrial water withdrawals represent 73.93%, agricultural water withdrawals represent 9.49 % and municipal 16.58 %. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en (Aquastat) In comparison the world water withdrawals used by industry in 2007 are 734 km3 or 19 % of the total†¦ problems: the Syrian Refugee Crisis. As millions of Syrians are displaced by the Syrian Civil War, they attempt to seek refuge in surrounding foreign nations. So far, the countries of the world have only addressed the crisis by deciding the fate of the refugees that cling to their borders. However, these individual policies are ineffective in addressing the whole problem. In fact, these unified strategies have led to creation of additional problems, expanding the crisis into new countries on an unimpeded†¦ Foreclosure â€Å"victims†? People can be victims of fires and floods. I think it is a stretch to call someone a victim of a foreclosure. When people face a crisis, they usually want to be warriors as opposed to victims. They are better served by empowerment as opposed to pity. Boomerang seems like a fun nickname though. I would stick with Boomerang Buyers. It has that double B as well as the root word BOOM. All foreclosures are not the same. Some deals were so bad that nothing would have prevented†¦ Currently, Asia is in a large, rising water crisis that is leaving many populations with difficulty in finding clean water. Urbanization, agriculture, rising population, and overuse of water has led to the rising crisis. Throughout many of the countries in Asia, the rising water crisis is dominating government decisions, lifestyles, and the economy. Many may think that water is an unlimited source that is always replenish able, and overuse it and waste it in vast amounts. Sadly, this is catching†¦ Flint Michigan Water Crisis Many would argue that the United States is the best country on this earth. Millions of immigrants have come here for a better life because United States opened its doors to welcome those seeking political and religious freedom as well as the "adventurer, the wanderer, the persecuted, the fortune seekers, and others" (Arizaga, 2007). Immigrants built up the United States from the very beginning. This country was, and continues to be a kaleidoscope of ethnic and cultural†¦ Safety is a priceless commodity. Nevertheless, Syrian migrants paying an average of 2500 euro ($2840) to be smuggled into European nations would argue otherwise. The Syrian refugee crisis continues to be an international issue as the United States and other non-European nations begin to extend asylum offers to refugees, while European nations hope the 230 million euros they have invested in researching methods to hinder illegal immigration will prove successful in combatting refugees looking to immigrate†¦ In September of 2015, the image of 3 year old Aylan Kurdi 's lifeless body being pulled from Turkish waters forced the world to shift its collective gaze towards Syria where thousands of individuals were risking their lives in order to flee their war-torn country. What began as a civil war, has resulted in the largest displacement of individuals since World War II. The Syrian refugee crisis is one of the most pressing issues that the world is facing today. The influx of refugees into neighbouring†¦

Augustine's and Aquina's Justification of the exercise of social and Essay

Augustine's and Aquina's Justification of the exercise of social and political ruling - Essay Example Though the god has created both but they have different wills and desires (Book XII ). Thomas Aquinas was born in southern Italy in 1225. He was greatly influenced by Aristotle whom he called, the Philosopher. He began his main socio- political work, Summa theologie in 1266. Aquinas, though never contradictory to Augustine, presented a soft and optimistic view of human governance of its affairs. Clearly Influenced by Aristotle's philosophy Aquinas attempted recovery of Aristotle in the west. He has presented a milder and more optimistic theory which does not show intolerance of Augustine's stringent unworthiness of the worldly affairs. Aquinas did not find anything wrong with the Aristotle's humane, rational and ordered world. For him the interest of this world and the next can coexist and it is the duty of every individual to make best of the both these worlds. He respects Augustine's other world or heaven but do not find anything inappropriate in attaining this world's goods and achieving that world's bounties as and when time comes. He, however, emphasized that the meaningful existence in the former should lead to get entry in the latter. More than once the reader is forced to analyze Aquinas' effort stating forcefully as to why one should abandon the present living and think of divine and also his treatment to duty and philosophy as separate entities. Aquinas is highly inspired by Aristotle's famous maxim 'men is by nature a political animal' or Man is a social and political animal (4-6). The simple and comparative explanation clarifies Aquinas' thinking Animals are provided for their defense and food by the nature while man is not. Animals have thick and dense hairs to withstand harsh weather. Animals also have claws, long and sharp teeth to scare away or destroy their enemies. The food for survival is available in plenty for animals. Man lacks these facilities in him but is given power to reason to get these for his existence. But for that the man has to live in companionship with other fellow human. The communication and reason enable man to live in a society with others of his tribe. Augustine's neoplatinism does not believe in earthly politics. His duty is to please the divine and be a citizen of heavenly city. He stated that rules of such a society viz. prohibition and command are counterproductive since these increase desire to break the ru le and indulged in sinful deeds (City of God, XIII:6). Augustine elaborated that social structure or governance may be indispensable to the well being but not for preservation, of members of society, nevertheless, it was hardly a noble phenomenon or an appropriate object of devotion. According to Augustine the governance led to increase in selfish interest and blocked the vision to attain true and greater good e.g. salvation to the city of god. Aquinas favors governance that since a societal living is necessary for orderly existence there should be some management or governance of society. Augustine also contradicts Aquinas views on society of men and its collective efforts to own nature's free bounties or snatch these from animals by using his ability to reason and communicate. He prefers that it should be equally available to man and animal and whosoever gets it first should be allowed to have judiciously since that is divine law. Augustine's views show extreme disliking

Art History of 20th Century Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art History of 20th Century - Research Paper Example Pollok made most of his painting on canvas rather than on the wall, and this was to make them more portable. Most of his works were a mixture of controllable and uncontrollable factors1. Lynda Benglis on her part is an American sculptor and visual artist majorly known for her wax painting and poured latex sculptures. She also used drip style to make her works. She was a professional photographer as she had studied artwork at a college. Given that most of her works were sensual in nature, they were ignored for a long time. Â  Given that Pollok paintings were made on canvas rather than on walls, which is common. His paintings were or portable and could easily move to the museum. This work is significant and, therefore, can be easily seen by those visiting the place. Their placement on the wall at points that it could be viewed easily by people of all heights since it’s not too high or too low. A group of viewers can as well look at it at the same as it is large and full2. Pollok believed that the size of his works had a direct relationship with how and to what extent viewers and he would bond and be part of the painting. Lynda Benglis, on the other hand, made a sculpture that could not be hanging but place on a flat surface for viewing. Her sculpture is smaller compared to the paintings of Pollok. It is only visible to a keen viewer who had the intention of looking for this particular artwork in the gallery. The location of Benglis’ sculpture Batt puts it out of sight and away from other artistic works with which they fall into the same category. The disadvantage to the painter and the lovers of their works as it takes longer to locate them thus according to them with little or no publicity. Â  

Many cultures use animals for ceremonial or celebratory purposes, and Essay

Many cultures use animals for ceremonial or celebratory purposes, and often this means the animals must be killed or eaten - Essay Example Firstly, the argument for the preservation of animal lives at the expense of humans is hypocritical stance. The development of humans alone jeopardizes animal and natural surroundings. According to several studies, the expansion of human industrial and domestic areas has led to the extinction of numerous species and endangered others (Taylor, 191-222). Therefore, based on the same argument, it would be illogical to deny humans a living area at the expense of animals and the same applies to neglecting old traditions to save animal lives. Human traditions are an essential part of society and key in the development of future generations. Traditions and rituals are a mode of linking each person to his or her past and ensuring that certain factors are preserved within the community. Therefore, the act of killing animals for rituals is a symbol of a broader meaning with a more substantial value than the life of the animal. It resembles a community, its history and is the basis upon which future generations are formed. Therefore, this shows the importance of human tradition and the necessity of the animal killings that are performed in the

EU Competition law and Cartels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Competition law and Cartels - Essay Example In the final outcome, Procter and Gamble and Unilever paid a reduced fine of EUR 315 200 000 while Henkel benefitted from immunity as the whistleblower. The Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive practices under Article 101 (1) including any agreements relating to price-fixing. However, Article 103 (3) provides for exemptions if the market collusion is intended for technological innovation and distribution or when the agreement results to consumers’ a â€Å"fair share† of benefits or when the agreement does not risk elimination of competition in anyway1. Article 102 prohibits the dominant players from abusing their market power and strengths from exclusive dealing and discrimination in trade. The main purpose of cartels is to regulate the production, distributing and pricing of goods and services thus hindering free competition in the industry. Control of collusion and anti-competitive practices are governed by Article 101of the Treaty on the Functioning of the Eur opean Union (TFEU) while monopolies are regulated by Article 102 of the same Treaty2. Mergers, joint ventures and acquisitions are involving companies with substantial turnover in the EU are regulated by Council Regulation 139/2004 EC also refereed as the Merger Regulation. Any financial aid to companies provided by any Member State whether direct or indirect is governed by Article 107 of the TFEU. The conduct of the cartel infringed Article 101 of the TFEU and Article 53 of the EEA agreement. The conduct involved single and continuous infringement of the Heavy duty laundry detergent powder market in the above six member states3. The infringement was aimed at market position stabilization and coordination of the selling prices. The decision to investigate and inspect the premises of the above three companies was prompted by whistle blowing and subsequent application for immunity by Henkel in June 2008. Reduction under the leniency Notice (%) Reduction under the settlement notice Fin e (EUR) Henkel 100% N/A 0 Procter & Gamble 50% 10% 211 200 000 Unilever 25% 10% 104 000 000 Henkel received total immunity since it informed the European Commission of the existence of the Cartel. The settlement procedure is guided by the Antitrust Regulation 1/2003 that grants the commission to use simplified procedure in the settlement in order to avoid lengthy investigations. The leniency policy is aimed at abstaining from prosecuting firms that inform the Commission of the existence of the cartel. Settlement is an efficiency process while Leniency is intended at gathering evidence of the infringement. Commission Regulation 773/2004 deals with the powers of the commissions, the complaints, rights and access to file. The regulation deals with the Leniency Notice 2006, guidelines for fines and the notice for co-operation with authorities4. The settlement policy requires an admission of guilt from the companies involved and requires the parties to immediately desist from the anti-co mpetitive behaviour. The settlement procedure is only applicable to cartel cases. The settlement Notice rewards the parties for cooperation in the process. All parties benefit from a 10 percent reduction in fines since they contribute adequately to the settlement procedure5. In the above case, Henkel submitted immunity application in May 2008 and was granted conditional immunity in June 2008. According to Article 11 (6) of Regulation (EC) 1/2003, all the parties were invited to the bilateral settlement discussions in 2009. The parties were granted the files with evidence and an estimation of the possible fines during the discussions in June 2010. According to Article 10 (a) of Regulation (E

Violent Acts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Violent Acts - Essay Example act of violence and torture on the peasant women of his hacienda, and sometimes on his wife, Clara reflects the greater violence afflicted on the people by the military regime after the election. There is a kind of ‘poetic justice’ that Allende seems to have maintained in the depiction of violence in her novel. Colonel Esteban Garcia’s raping and torturing of Alba somehow completes the circle of injustice that Alba’s grandfather had done on Garcia’s grandmother and father. In the first half of the story, Clara’s sister Rosa accidentally dies of poison that was meant for her father. In both the cases, Rosa and Alba suffer for no crime of theirs. They were innocent, just like the hundreds of men, women and children of Chile who were victims of violence and bloodshed in the 70s for no sin of theirs. Though Allende nowhere directly mentions the ‘capital city’ in the novel to be Chile, it is quite understandable from the depiction of f acts and events. Her attitude to violence and its long term consequences is explicit in the writings of Alba, "The day my grandfather tumbled Pancha Garci ­a among the rushes of the riverbank, he added another link to the chain of events that had to complete itself. Afterward the grandson of the woman who was raped repeats the gesture with the granddaughter of the rapist, and perhaps forty years from now my grandson will knock Garci ­as granddaughter down among the rushes, and so on down through the centuries in an unending tale of sorrow, blood, and love." (Allende, 432). Allende’s fear of never-ending violence grapping mankind in the coming years surfaces when she addresses crime as a ‘chain of events’ that will keep on growing bigger and bigger through revenge and retribution. More revenge will lead to more violence which will ultimately bring doom to the entire mankind. So Allende looks to the future with hopes for a violence-free peaceful world when Alba feels like forgiving her torturer at the end. Other

Many cultures use animals for ceremonial or celebratory purposes, and Essay

Many cultures use animals for ceremonial or celebratory purposes, and often this means the animals must be killed or eaten - Essay Example Firstly, the argument for the preservation of animal lives at the expense of humans is hypocritical stance. The development of humans alone jeopardizes animal and natural surroundings. According to several studies, the expansion of human industrial and domestic areas has led to the extinction of numerous species and endangered others (Taylor, 191-222). Therefore, based on the same argument, it would be illogical to deny humans a living area at the expense of animals and the same applies to neglecting old traditions to save animal lives. Human traditions are an essential part of society and key in the development of future generations. Traditions and rituals are a mode of linking each person to his or her past and ensuring that certain factors are preserved within the community. Therefore, the act of killing animals for rituals is a symbol of a broader meaning with a more substantial value than the life of the animal. It resembles a community, its history and is the basis upon which future generations are formed. Therefore, this shows the importance of human tradition and the necessity of the animal killings that are performed in the

Violent Acts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Violent Acts - Essay Example act of violence and torture on the peasant women of his hacienda, and sometimes on his wife, Clara reflects the greater violence afflicted on the people by the military regime after the election. There is a kind of ‘poetic justice’ that Allende seems to have maintained in the depiction of violence in her novel. Colonel Esteban Garcia’s raping and torturing of Alba somehow completes the circle of injustice that Alba’s grandfather had done on Garcia’s grandmother and father. In the first half of the story, Clara’s sister Rosa accidentally dies of poison that was meant for her father. In both the cases, Rosa and Alba suffer for no crime of theirs. They were innocent, just like the hundreds of men, women and children of Chile who were victims of violence and bloodshed in the 70s for no sin of theirs. Though Allende nowhere directly mentions the ‘capital city’ in the novel to be Chile, it is quite understandable from the depiction of f acts and events. Her attitude to violence and its long term consequences is explicit in the writings of Alba, "The day my grandfather tumbled Pancha Garci ­a among the rushes of the riverbank, he added another link to the chain of events that had to complete itself. Afterward the grandson of the woman who was raped repeats the gesture with the granddaughter of the rapist, and perhaps forty years from now my grandson will knock Garci ­as granddaughter down among the rushes, and so on down through the centuries in an unending tale of sorrow, blood, and love." (Allende, 432). Allende’s fear of never-ending violence grapping mankind in the coming years surfaces when she addresses crime as a ‘chain of events’ that will keep on growing bigger and bigger through revenge and retribution. More revenge will lead to more violence which will ultimately bring doom to the entire mankind. So Allende looks to the future with hopes for a violence-free peaceful world when Alba feels like forgiving her torturer at the end. Other

Polar Bear Essay Example for Free

Polar Bear Essay The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a bear native largely within the Arctic circle encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is the worlds largest land carnivore and also the largest bear, together with the omnivorous Kodiak bear, which is approximately the same size. [3] An adult male weighs around 350-680 kg (770-1 ,500 while an adult female is about half that size. Although it is closely related to the brown bear, it has evolved to occupy a narrow ecological niche, with many body characteristics adapted for cold emperatures, for moving across snow, ice, and open water, and for hunting the seals which make up most of its diet. [5] Although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time at sea (hence their scientific name meaning maritime bear) and can hunt consistently only from sea ice, so spend much of the year on the frozen sea. The polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species, with 8 of the 19 polar bear subpopulations in decline. 6] For decades, unrestricted hunting[clarification eeded] raised international concern for the future of the species; populations have rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. [citation needed] For thousands of years, the polar bear has been a key fgure in the material, spiritual, and cultural life of Arctic indigenous peoples, and the hunting of polar bears remains important in their cultures. The IIJCN now lists global warming as the most significant threat to the polar bear, primarily because the melting of its sea ice habitat reduces its ability to find sufficient food. The II-JCN states, If climatic trends continue polar bears may become extirpated from most of their range within 100 years. [7] The polar bear was listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act by the United States Department of the Interior in 2008. Habitat The polar bear is often regarded as a marine mammal because it spends many months of the year at sea. [28] Its preferred habitat is the annual sea ice covering the waters over the continental shelf and the Arctic inter-island archipelagos. These areas, known as the Arctic ring of life, have high biological productivity in comparison to the deep waters of the high The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet. [30] Polar bears are therefore found primarily along the perimeter of the polar ice pack, rather than in the Polar Basin close to the North Pole where the density of seals is low. 1] Annual ice contains areas of water that appear and disappear throughout the year as the weather changes. Seals migrate in response to these changes, and polar bears must follow their prey. [29] In Hudson Bay, James Bay, and some other areas, the ice melts completely each summer (an event often referred to as ice-floe breakup), forcing polar bears to go onto land and wait through the months until the next freeze-up. [29] In the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, polar bears retreat each summer to the ice further north that remains frozen year-round.